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431 - Council of Ephesus (third ecumenical council) opens.

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816 - Stephen IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope.

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1342 - Bilbo Baggins returns to his home at Bag End, (Shire Reconning).

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1497 - Antitax insurrection in Cornwall suppressed at Blackheath.

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1611 - Henry Hudson and son set adrift in Hudson Bay by mutineers.

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1675 - Royal Greenwich Observatory established in England by Charles II.

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1757 - Birth of George Vancouver surveyed Pacific coast from San Francisco to Vancouver Island.

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1772 - Slavery outlawed in England.

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1775 - First Continental currency issued ($3,000,000).

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1783 - A poisonous cloud from Laki volcanic eruption in Iceland reaches Le Havre in France.

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