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1231 - Death of St. Elisabeth von Thüringen (born 1207 in Hungary); devoted to caring for the sick, most notably lepers.

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1278 - 680 Jews arrested (293 hanged) in England for counterfeiting coins.

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1503 - Birth of Il Bronzino Florentine painter (Eleanor de Toledo and her Son).

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1558 - Queen Mary I, the monarch of England and Ireland, dies and is succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth.

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1587 - Birth of Joost van den Vondel Cologne Germany, Dutch poet/dramatist (Jephtha).

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1717 - Birth of Jean d'Alembert Fr, mathematician/philosopher (Traité de Dynamique).

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1734 - John Zenger, arrested for libel against New York colonial governor; later acquitted.

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1755 - Birth of Louis XVIII first post-revolutionary king of France (1814-24).

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1790 - Birth of August Ferdinand Mobius mathematician, inventor (Mobius strip).

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1796 - Battle of Arcole-Napoleon I's French forces beat Austrians in Italy.

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