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1862 - Lincoln signs act granting land for state agricultural colleges.

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1863 - Day two of the Battle of Gettysburg: General James Longstreet leads the main Confederate attack, but Union forces retain control of their strategic positions. After three hours, the total number of dead at Gettysburg stood at 35,000.

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1864 - Statuary Hall in US Capitol established.

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1864 - General Early and Confederate forces reach Winchester.

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1865 - Birth of Lili Braun Prussia, feminist/socialist writer (Im Schatten Titanen).

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1867 - First US elevated railroad begins service, New York City.

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1877 - Birth of Hermann Hesse in Switzerland; novelist/poet (Steppenwolf, Nobel Prize 1946).

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1881 - US President James Garfield shot and fatally wounded by Charles J Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker.

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1882 - James Garfield assassinated by "job-seeker".

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1884 - Birth of Dr Otto Böhm Prussia, scientist (helped create England Radar).

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