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1850 - Birth of Oliver Heaviside physicist predicted existence of ionosphere.

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1851 - Amsterdam-Nieuwediep telegraph connection linked.

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1852 - Massachusetts rules all school-age children must attend school.

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1854 - Birth of Bernard Zweers Dutch composer (To My Fatherland).

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1860 - Republican Party nominates Abraham Lincoln for president.

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1861 - Friedrich Hebbels "Kriemhildes Rache" premieres in Weimar.

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1861 - Battle of Sewall's Point, Virginia - first Federal offense against South.

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1862 - Birth of Freiherr Albert von Schrenk-Notzing German para-psychologist.

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1862 - William H Keim US Union Brigadier-General, dies in battle at age 48.

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1863 - Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

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