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1227 - Death of St. Ludwig IV von Thüringen, during the Crusades.

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1609 - Henry Hudson discovers Manhattan Island and the natives living there.

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1709 - English, Dutch and Austrians defeat French in Battle of Malplaquet.

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1712 - GD Cassini French astronomer, dies.

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1773 - Benjamin Franklin writes "There never was a good war or bad peace.".

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1777 - Battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania; Americans lose to British.

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1786 - Annapolis Convention to determine interstate commerce.

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1810 - Birth of James Pollock; US Mint Director.

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1814 - Battle of Lake Champlain, NY; Americans defeat British.

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1835 - Birth of Brigadier General William Wirt Allen first Alabama Cavalry.

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