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311 - Saint Militiades begins his reign as Catholic Pope.

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419 - Birth of Valentinian III, Roman emperor (425-55).

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1298 - Death of Graf Adolf von Nassau near Worms, Germany; King of the Germans until deposed by the Habsburg, Albert I.

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1457 - Kristian of Oldenburg, King of Norway and Denmark, is elected King of Sweden, after agreeing to limitations on royal prerogative.

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1489 - Birth of Thomas Cranmer England, archbishop/reformer/martyr.

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1566 - Nostradamus, French astrologer/physician/prophet, dies in Salon.

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1644 - Battle of Marston Moor; Parliamentary forces defeat royalists.

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1644 - William Gascoigne introduced telescopic sights, is killed at age 24.

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1714 - Birth of Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck Erasbach Germany, composer.

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1776 - Continental Congress resolves "these United Colonies are and of right.

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