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1289 - Birth of Louis X (the Stubborn) king of France (1314-16).

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1472 - The painter, Lucas Cranach, is born in Bamberg, Germany.

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1582 - Last day of the Julian calendar in Italy, many Catholic countries.

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1626 - Birth of Richard Cromwell lord protector of England (1658-59).

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1636 - First code of law for Plymouth Colony.

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1648 - Peter Stuyvesant establishes Americas first volunteer firemen.

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1744 - British warship HMS Victory sinks in the English channel in a storm, taking down 1150 sailors and four tons of Portuguese gold.

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1777 - Battle of Germantown.

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1808 - Death of Primo de Verdad in prison in Mexico.

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1822 - Birth of Rutherford B Hayes (Republican) 19th president (1877-81).

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